Davis’ argument against slavery causing the civil war Essay

As president of the Confederate States of America, I maintain that slavery was not why the South seceded from the Union. We Southerners seceded because the federal government was becoming increasingly pro-Northern in its views and imposing on our sovereign rights. Slavery was legal, yet the government threatened this institution and paid increasingly less heed to our rights. Just as the United States broke free from a British crown that overstepped its authority, the Confederacy formed to protect itself against an intrusive government under Northern sway. In addition, I am aware that many of our soldiers were not slaveholders; indeed, Southerners did not take up arms in order to defend slavery. Men who loved their homes, valued their freedom, and feared a Northern invasion and imposition on their rights formed the Confederate Army. No Southern soldier took up arms to help a slaveholder; many shouldered arms to fend off invasion by a people whose views opposed ours and who tried to coerce us into compliance with their ideals (Wikipedia). We also seceded because we wished to maintain our prosperity, which is a sacred right of Americans. Our economic and social system is the source of our vast wealth, and the Constitution grants us the right to defend it. The federal government favored Northern industry and legislated against us, which would have reduced us to poverty and placed the South in deep economic crisis. Our soil was becoming depleted and our plantations too numerous to be confined to its existing territory, and the federal government insisted on restricting where we could maintain our system, instead of allowing the people to decide (McPherson 78-116). We were not rebels against the federal government, since there was no concrete law binding us to the Northern states. The United States began as merely an association of sovereign states and the Southern states were not obligated to remain. REFERENCES Anonymous. â€Å"American Civil War. † Wikipedia. 8 November 2005. . Causes of the Civil War. † The American Civil War. 8 November 2005. . McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

The lost princess

The room was damp and cold, cold with marks of water dripping down the unhomely painted walls. The paving slabs were freezing and impersonally decorated, there were no carpets covering them. There was no life nor humanity in the semidark chamber. There was no door nor curtains on the tiny window that looked on to the north, making the room even more dark and mysterious. It was unhomely and unlived. No one entered the freezing cube that composed the enchanted, shadowed lodging. It was empty of life even though the passage outside was full of it. The place was avoided by everyone. It had such a sense of emptiness†¦ When the threshold was crossed, a wave of uncontrollable panic entered into the intruders heart. The floor boards under the feet felt as cold as ice, sharpening the freezing terror. The walls were clammy, you couldn't lean on them†¦ It smelt damp. The air entered your throat and cut it like a knife. It felt dry and it was hard to swallow. The fear crept into your heart slowly but unceasingly and made its self bigger and stronger, petrifying you completely. It was like a serpents venom, spreading through your blood paralysing you vein by vein, artery by artery†¦ She entered the poisoned room. No sound was to be heard except for the faint drip, drip of water on the floor. For the first time in the room's history, it all failed. She laughed. It was a delightful laugh. The type you hear when a child is hugged by her mother. She frowned as the echo slowly returned to her. She felt a sudden warmth around her. She noticed that the floor was now covered in thick Indian carpets. It all felt cosy and warm under her small feet. She moved with the glamour and gentleness of a deer, so delicate and fragile†¦ There was a lovely scent all over the room. It was like someone had opened a bottle of the loveliest perfume and let it mix with the air. It smelt of the finest vanilla. Looking out of the window you could see the source of that magnificent smell. There was a small garden full of small vanilla plants, starting to bloom in the night's cold air. The room was now painted in the finest violet. The walls had stopped the dripping and sweating, and instead of the faint drip, drip you could hear a small bird tweeting in a tiny cage at the far end of the room. Soon she felt sleepy and noticed a current of warm air picking her up and carrying her to a cosy four-poster. There she slept for hours and hours†¦ As she slept the walls started to drip again soaking the silk carpets and returning the room to its old state to such an extent, that after a few minutes only the four-poster stood in the middle of the icy room. There was no sign of the tiny princess. Instead there was a little deer skipping and hopping under the moonlight in a garden full of tiny vanilla flowers.

Importing a Foreign Product in Bangladesh

INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH [pic] NAME OF THE COURSE: INTERNATIONAL MARKETING SUBJECT CODE: MKT 401 NAME OF THE INSTRUCTOR: ABUL KHAIR JYOTE SECTION: 01 NAME OF THE GROUP: MUSTANG DATE OF SUBMISSION: 01/11/2012 NAME OF THE GROUP MEMBER NAME: ID: E-MAIL: NUMBER: ANAN ASHEQ AREFEEN 1020644 [email  protected] com 01719154064 MD. RIAZ SHOAIB 0910383 [email  protected] om 01673390837 FAHIM MUNTAQIM 0921111 [email  protected]@yahoo. com 01915483658 FAHAD HOSSAIN 0921338 [email  protected] com 01677676794 TAWSIF BIN MAKSUD 0910374 [email  protected] com 01671070843 White appliance is a foreign company and it’s trying to get in Bangladeshi market. In Bangladesh the average monthly income is about 500 dollar a month which is 35000 in Taka.So the income scale is medium. According to our survey we figured out that microwave oven is used by the people whose income scale is about 70000-80000 or higher in the month. If we consider the social class, we found the people from t he higher and higher middle class are using the microwave oven and the rest of the people are comfortable with the gas stove. In Bangladesh, the market of microwave oven is not that good enough. Our company cannot sustain in this limited amount of market. The company actually wants a huge market to do business.In this case, we got only one option and that s to expand the usage of microwave oven in the country and to do so we need to target a new segment. We can’t just work on only two classes. Rather we need to concentrate on the middle class and upcoming middle class people. To expand our market, we targeted the middle class and upcoming middle class families and to do so, we need to promote our product as a permanent need. For example, if we think of a house appliance, we always think about a tv, refrigerator, furniture etc. So we need to work in such a way that we can point that microwave oven is a must in a home appliance.We have gone thru most of the middle class familie s recently to get their opinion and found that they can actually afford to buy a micro wave oven. The cost of a microwave oven is about 7000-10000taka but the problem is the usage cost. They say microwave oven consumes lot of electricity and it creates a huge electricity bills which sometime get beyond affordability. Even most people believe the oven make food tastes bad. Many of them don’t know how to use the microwave oven; even many of them misinterpret the microwave oven that it is a source of cooking food.Yes of course microwave oven is a cooking product but it is not suitable for our Bangladeshi food habit. We cannot cook our food in microwave as it is made on European context. It is very good for ready made food. Since, Bangladeshi people are not habituated in ready made foods; we can promote the oven as a source of freshen up the food by heating it. So the factor that mostly will create problem interfering in Bangladeshi market is: 01. Huge amount of electricity consu mption 02. People misinterpret the product 03. People think oven make food taste badThe most important and common problem is the electricity consumption. Microwave really takes a huge quantity of electricity to operate. To sort out this problem we are concentrating on manufacturing as special kind of oven named the electric convection oven. In this oven it has a special device or an adaptor which make the oven consume less energy and heat the food like the typical microwave ovens. A table is given below Appliance |Temperature |Time |Energy |Cost | |Electric Oven |350 |1 hour |2. 0 kWh |11. 2 | |Electric Convection Oven |325 |1 hour |1. 39 kWh |5. 00 | |We’ve made a compare between the regular oven and our special oven and figured out in average people can actually save 6 taka in every one hour. People may be getting interested on our product because we have made it cost effective. We need to promote our product in a way so that people should realize that microwave oven is not a product to cook, rather it helps people to get the food fresh by heating it. People have misconception about the microwave oven that it makes food taste bad. We need to reduce such perception and imply that there is nothing to do with the tastes.It just heat up the food to make it fresh. Such promotion may get a huge response because nowadays people are getting busy day by day. Even in many families, both husband wife is doing job and therefore they don’t have much time for cooking. Even if we look at the bachelors, they still don’t get any time to cook. Microwave oven is the best solution to cope up with their busy days. In the segment of busy people they would get a relief of cooking several times a day. All they need to do is to cook food once a day and get fresh food all day by heating with microwave oven.We can also promote the product by giving a recipe based on microwave cooking as a bonus. In fact we will also provide them with special bowls suitable for mic rowaves. We can also provide a facility of membership card to a particular shopping mall where they can buy their necessary groceries in a minimum discount. In this way, people may get interest of buying our product. We can also make the microwave open which can be operated by the remote control. It will be easy for the users to operate it. The advantage of microwave oven is it makes the food fresh.Maximum people faced such problems in cooking and that is when food is been cooked in the afternoon, we prefer to have that in dinner too. So the food that was cooked in the afternoon need to heat up on the gas stove which makes the food dry. So to regain the previous taste, more spices and water should be given and again re cook the food which is very bothering and also it kills time too. In this case, microwave oven just heat up the food to make it fresh and it do not dry up the food which is an advantage.Tagline: Though we are manufacturing and marketing the product in Bangladesh for t he genuine people, I’ve considered THREE taglines â€Å"WHITES; FOR THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, WITH THE PEOPLE† â€Å"LEMONY FRESH 24HR† â€Å"HEAT IT, FRESH IT† Thing we need to think is that how will we actually enter the market after targeting our customer. We first thought about making a permanent factory to get the market permanently but we cannot do that for many circumstances. The Bangladeshi infrastructure is not suitable for our company. Moreover in Bangladesh, political turmoil, labor strike and most important problem load shedding is the daily situation.Our company cannot sustain with these problem. In this situation we are planning to get involve to a domestic company in Bangladesh in joint venture. We are interested of making a joint venture with Walton. Walton doesn’t manufacture micro ovens. So it might be a good opportunity for them to make a new segment of product in their company and we have the advantage of using their infrastruc ture. More over we can make a deal with them such as we will make the factory jointly by spreading 50/50 and our company will provide all the necessary machineries. Walton will maintain and hire the labor to manufacture our product.Walton and whites works in a joint venture and so we can use their distribution channel. In the contract of joint venture we will offer them 70/30 profit and bargain the profit margin up to 40%. Then we will also bargain about the selling of our manufacturing product. We will try to convince them allow us to sell our product on the other Asian countries by exporting. Such as if 100 micro ovens are manufactured in the industry of joint venture, 50 micro ovens will be sold in the Bangladeshi market and there would be a 50/50 profit share on the first fifty ovens.Then they must allow us to sell the other 50 micro ovens to other Asian countries by exporting thru Walton and we would give them 20% profit or may bargain up to 30% for the last 50 products. Accord ing to the contract Walton will maintain the labor cost and we have the right to employ our own expert representatives to watch out the both the internal and external situation. Our company wills not toler any trade union inside the venture premises. Government officers are not allowed as deputation. Yearly audit should be done by the renowned auditors.Finally Walton cannot terminate this joint venture within 10yrs. It would be good for both of us because Walton got a new segment of their product line, and they can make some extra profit from the product and our benefit is our market is been diversifying. In fact the best advantage we got in this joint venture is reducing the labor cost as the labor cost in Bangladesh is very cheap. The factory overhead cost is very cheap. People here actually want to do overtime job in a certain payment where in the western countries people don’t want to do job more than 8 hr.In our point of view, they should take the offer because by workin g with us, they might get many resourceful information, technologies, can train skilled workforce to develop their industry. The government might verify this thing and to develop their domestic industries they might be very co operative with us. For example we don’t need to give duty fee in the port, more over we might get a facility to export our product from the Bangladeshi port on behalf the Walton in a half tax rate. The disadvantage of this joint venture is the leak of technology and information.If the country’s national level business policy frequently changes, it may affect our company profit. The most important issue is the corruption. If the corruption can’t be controlled, law and order situation is not good in the country and lack of good governance may create a huge problem in this joint venture. Working in Bangladesh as a joint venture it saves a lot of money because it has less responsibility such as labor cost and maintains, political turmoil, load shedding etc. The home country would take care of these. The process we are saving a huge budget is called the economy of scale as it utilize the money very efficient way.Establishing a factory in Bangladeshi premises would cost lot of money. We believe our company is working not only for the highest income category or group but for the every level of people. We are highly dedicated on fulfilling the customer need. We don’t work just for a profit. Considering the people’s need and the income status, we offer a facility of buying our product in an installment. People can buy our product in 3 month Period installment. It might be a chance of encouraging people to buy our product. To inform the people about our product, we choose to make commercial advertisement in various public channels.Nowadays cooking program in TV channels has gained a good reputation. In this case, what we can do is to sponsor a cooking program or we can arrange such program in TV channels based on the recipe which is related on microwave cooking. For some reason, if the budget gets tight, we will request some of those cooking programs to use our microwave and influence indirectly the audience to buy our product. We can also promote our product by giving the opportunity of demo using in the retail stores in the country. We also can arrange a flash mob in the busiest locality to get the product in the peoples mind.We can also sponsor many inter country sports to spread the name of our product. In the last step we will also try a pilot operation on marketing our product in the Bangladesh defenses especially in the Army. The name of this pilot operation is called â€Å"THE VETERAN†. In the hill tracks or in the borders our soldiers face a lot of problem on getting fresh food. They often complained about it. They can’t get fresh food just because in those areas they are in the call of duty for the nation. They are not authorized to leave their position or to return their barracks for the sake of the country’s safety.Yes there are cooking facilities in the barrack but there is certain time of three days meal. If a person misses that time, he or she will not be allowed to get the meal. So in this case, they have to cook it for their own. Now the soldiers in the duty cannot often return in time. In this case, they don’t need to cook again rather all they need to do is to heat up the meal. So to sort out such problem, we might influence them to use our product in 20% discount rate. This discount is named as the veteran rate. We are not actually just doing business but we also took the oath of serving our nation.

Assignment Marketing Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Research - Assignment Example Qualitative technique seeks to exemplify attitudes concerning behavior posed by consumers. Credits depicted by this technique include intense scrutiny incorporated during research. Unlike quantitative, it focuses on value instead of statistical facts (Katsirikou & Skiadas: 2010, pp. 27). This encompassed digging deeply to unveil perceptions encompassed by consumers. In-depth analysis occurs by execution of interviews performed at individual stages. The interviews demand exhaustive information because consumers explicate themselves. The interviews depict no time limits and thus customers entail chances to offer explanations concerning their behavior. Therefore, qualitative technique clinches the tribute of gathering detailed information. Detailed information entails negligible loopholes because it equips the researcher with satisfactory knowledge. Consequently, sufficient knowledge culminates to the researcher drawing sound conclusions concerning their study. Interviews conducted resu lt to rich knowledge concerning consumer mannerisms. Qualitative technique thus entails illuminations of a dependable method. Under this technique, there encompasses various approaches towards gathering rightful information involving the customer’s. The interviews depict liberated forums where consumers would articulate themselves without panic of intimidation. In addition, the technique presents contact with the clientele. This methodology thus offers a personal touch, hence urging consumers to air their feelings eloquently (Tadic & Mamic: 2011, pp. 280). In addition, incorporation of focus groups eminent in qualitative technique presents a reliable approach. This gains explanations from the information that these groups involve experts who seek digging for information by discussing. Observational technique depicts another qualitative technique. The method entails the advantage of being economical.

Traditional Views of Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Traditional Views of Nature - Essay Example Shintoism is a religious form of nature worship that originated from Japan. The fundamental belief of Shintoism holds that the nature deities created the world and that everything, animate and inanimate objects, has a spiritual essence residing in them. The spirits within are said to be part of or created by the gods of nature. This would result in the belief that respecting the environment would mean reverence to the gods, while disrespect would mean dishonor to the deities. In philosophy, there is the idea of pantheism. Pantheism is the idea that everything is a part of the divine and that all things are extensions of the divine. This notion is shared by many ancient philosophies from Western and Eastern cultures. This relates to the fact that ancient cultures view nature as the way it is because the universe is moved by divine forces. For pantheism, everything in this world is an integral and unified extension of the divine in the

Green Technology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Green Technology - Case Study Example Ensuring a Strong, Healthy and Just Society- meeting the diverse needs of all people in existing and future communities, promoting personal well-being, social cohesion and inclusion, and creating equal opportunity for all. Achieving a Sustainable Economy- Building a strong, stable and sustainable economy which provides prosperity and opportunities for all, and in which environmental and social costs fall on those who impose them (polluter pays). And efficient resource use is incentivised. Using Sound Science Responsibility - Ensuring policy is developed and implemented on the basis of strong scientific evidence, whilst taking into account scientific uncertainty (through the Precautionary Principle) as well as public attitudes and values. Sustainable design balances human needs with the carrying capacity of the natural and cultural environments. It minimizes environmental impacts; it minimizes importation of goods and energy as well as generation of waste. Sustainable design is an ecosystematic approach that demands an understanding of the consequences of our actions. One of the best ways to describe sustainable building is to compare it with other forms of resource based development. As an example in the creation of resort, only few of them can provide or can sustain a harmonious relationship with the environment. The long term objective of sustainable design is to minimize resource degradation and consumption on a global scale. They should to example to heighten environmental awareness. Sustainable design must seek to use the building or non building as an educational tool to demonstrate the importance of the environment in sustaining human life. It should connect humans with their environment for the spiritual, emotional and therapeutic benefits that nature provides. Sustainable building design must promote new human values and lifestyles to achieve a more harmonious relationship with local, regional, and global resources and environments. The design increases public awareness about the appropriate technologies and the cradle to grave energy and waste implications of various building and consumer materials. The sustainable building design nurture living cultures to perpetuate indigenous responsiveness to and harmony with, local environmental factors. It can relay cultural and historical und erstanding of the site with local, regional and global relationships. Sustainable Planning Sustainable planning for the development of an outdoor recreation entails the: community participation, environmental protection, natural resource conservation and local economic development. Community participation includes the following plans a) Reflects the values of the surrounding community by harmonizing with existing buildings in materials, design and density. b) Ensures that infrastructure will exist to serve neighborhood needs. c) Should have adequate public transportation, public restrooms, bicycle parking, drinking fountains, and

Immunology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Immunology - Essay Example The fourth fraction, F4, has a low concentration of protein. This is because in this fraction, serum was not diluted. Therefore, aggregation of proteins could not occur because of lack of hydration of protein. Protein concentration of F1 was 5.90mg. This increased till 14.56mg protein concentration for F3. Fraction F5, which is a mixture of F2 and F3 had a protein concentration of 16.00mg – the highest. Purification by ammonium suphate precipitation is useful for large protein samples. It is a cheaper process. However, the resulting protein obtained is not very pure. Moreover, this technique requires additional purification steps. The results of purification through ion exchange chromatography (IEX) are shown in section 3 of the results. The purification of IgG was performed. IgG accounts for only 10% of the serum proteins. Yet, the concentrations of IgG in fraction F2, F3 and F5 were 2.08, 1.42 and 2.80 mg/ml respectively, which are relatively high. IEX is a cost effective process and results in higher protein recovery. It has high resolving power. The percentage yield of protein for all fractions is given in section 4. A higher yield of IgG is seen in fractions F2 and F5 compared to fraction F3. A machine error may be the reason behind this. This is because the reading for F2/F3 and F5 was taken on different spectrophotometers. The results of the Single Radial Immunodiffusion assay and precipitin arcs are shown in section 5. In figure 1, purple precipitin arcs confirm the presence of IgG. Multiple arcs for F3 and F4 indicate the presence of contamination in these protein fractions. In figure 2, the precipitation ring is observed. It is seen that as the diameter of the ring increases, there is a decrease in the protein (antigen) concentration. Moving further away from the center, IgG concentration

Asbestos Contamination in Libby Montana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asbestos Contamination in Libby Montana - Essay Example These diseases are incurable and terminal with mesothelioma directly and exclusively linked to asbestos dust exposure. (Peacock, 2003). The GAO (2003) acknowledged that its study was conducted as records showed that between 1979 and 1998, the number of deaths in Libby, Montana from lung disease asbestosis was 40 to 80 times higher all over the United States. In the investigation, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported contamination of asbestos in vermiculite ore processing in Libby. By year 2001, about 18 % of current and former Libby residents who received x-rays were identified having asbestos related lung abnormalities as per record of the Department of Health and Human Services (GAO, 2003). The business mining operations began in 1923. W.R. Grace operated vermiculite mine and dispensation mill in Libby from 1963 until the year of 1990 when it was closed. The mining company employed up to 200 people annually at its vermiculite mine and mill. Workers inhaled asbestos-contaminated dust during mining operations and moving the vermiculite ore and this contaminated dust remains in worker’s clothes and vehicles and it is brought to town. The product of the company is Zonolite ® Attic Insulation was used in resident’s homes and in new home construction in various locations around Libby. The vermiculite ore was distributed to extension plants throughout the country and processed into fireproofing materials and insulations, exposing many more workers. At its peak of mining operation, vermiculite mining production reached more than 200,000 tons annually. And W.R. Grace is believed to have 80% of vermiculite around the world. Sources In the early 1920s, initial mining operations began for vermiculite ore body seven miles northeast of Libby, Montana. Full-scale mining operation resumed a decade later under the Universal Zonolite Insulation Company (Zonolite). The vermiculite mined from Zonolite Mountain is contaminated with asbestos fibers, including tremolite and actinolite, and contains the related fibrous asbestiform minerals winchite, richterite, and ferro-edenite. Mining and processing operations, as well as home use of waste rock and products from the Zonolite mine, resulted in the spreading of asbestos throughout the town. Thousands of people in Libby, including former mine workers, their relatives, and other residents, have exhibited signs and symptoms of asbestos-related disease. Since 1999, in response to reports of extensive disease among Libby, Montana residents, EPA's Region 8 Emergency Response Branch has been conducting sampling and removals to tackle the most highly contaminated areas in the Libby valley (EPA, 2002). Exposure Pathways Occupational- miners were exposed to high levels of asbestos in the air at the mine, during convey and handling operations, and during processing operations. Household contact- families of workers were exposed to

Wit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wit - Essay Example Two major types of knowledge emerge in this play. Academic knowledge represented by Vivian, Dr. Kelekian and Dr. Jason gained through proper university education whose actions displays academic elitism between teacher-student and doctor-patient. Humanitarian knowledge gained through interaction. Vivian gained it after interacting with Susie when this nurse was always available during the time when in pain and lonely (69). Academic knowledge bestow on the bearers power and high regard in the society as demonstrated by Vivian’s feeling of helplessness at the hospital compared to the power she wielded over her students at the University. â€Å"Once I did the teaching, now am taught† (37). On the other hand, other forms of knowledge are poorly regarded as Jason asserts this regarding his take on bedside manners as â€Å"colossal waste of time for researchers† (55). The two types of knowledge are related since they complement each other. Vivian realized the significance of human contact when under lots of pain and alone appreciated the role Susie played during this moment. Acquisition of knowledge should not be at the expense of

Organizational Theory, Design, and change Essay

Organizational Theory, Design, and change - Essay Example As such, it is common for organizations to improve their operations by minimizing production or operational costs for non-profit organizations. Such organizations are known to be efficient and will therefore charge low amount for their goods or services due to the low costs of production. The customers are also able to get quality services at affordable rates. Moreover, through motivation of employees, the company is able to retain loyal and efficient employees, which improves its social image within the community where it operates. Through proper social responsibility strategies, the government is able to associate with the organization and this will further enhance its image. A properly managed organization will consider an approach that will lay emphasis on initial impetus, focus, alignment, proper planning and adaptation so as to ensure value to the consumers. It is clear that entrepreneurship will set the foundation for creating value in an organization since the entrepreneur de fines the goals and the tradition of the organization. They provide the initial leadership in the organization by setting the objectives and acquiring the necessary resources. The entrepreneur also establishes the management of the organization. ... It could therefore be a conflict between the management and the investors or the management and the employees or even all employees against the investors. These conflicts could include difference in management ideologies between the management and other stakeholders, difference in targets set by different quarters of the organization and expected remuneration or reward for various achievements. In most organizations, agency problems normally occur when the management misuse the authority bestowed upon them by the other stakeholders. This is in such acts as using that authority for their own benefit at the expense of the company goals. The agency problems can be generalised as adverse selection where the investor doubts the capability of the management to promote his interest and moral hazard, where behaviour of the representative is deemed to be capable of causing harm to the organization. It is important to note that agency problem is mainly caused by mistrust and in some cases, neg ligence. Sadly though, the problem exists in every organization in one way or the other. Several efforts or actions are taken towards solving agency problems and they include: screening processes to reduce misbehaviour, offering incentives to the employees and management for positive results and achievements, well defined punishments for poor behaviour such as suspension and unpaid leaves to ensure strict adherence to the company’s principles. The company may even be forced to employ supervisors who are charged with the responsibility of checking such compliance. This method could be referred to as watchdog police. Other modes of solving agency problem are

Tradeswomen in Early America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tradeswomen in Early America - Essay Example Women of all races were expected to do their share of work, and it would have been considered odd or even unthinkable for them to refuse. Interestingly enough, many women actually became shoemakers during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, but societal attitudes toward this work were unsurprising given the period. Men who made shoes for a living did precisely that - they were skilled artisans and expected to be compensated for their work. Women, however, often worked at home rather than in a shop and performed exactly the same work for little or no wages. For example, in her book Men, Women, and Work, Blewett (1990) recounts the story of Sarah Smith Emery, who lived in Essex County, Massachusetts in the late eighteenth century, and whose uncles Joe and Ben ran a shoe-making store. One time, the men received an order for "one hundred pairs of sealskin boots that had to be finished in five days" (p. 4). She recounts how, after Sarah had stitched for five days, her fianc found her "exhausted and covered with dirty sealskin oilHer account of the incident mentions no wages paid to her for the work" (p. 4). In a case such as this, a woman became a virtual slave to her family.

The Environmental Impacts of 2010 Essay Example for Free

The Environmental Impacts of 2010 Essay ABSRTRACT Nowadays as the issues of environmental sustainability have been a heated theme in the event industry, environmental impacts caused by major events are always examined through a bias lens and they are widely believed to be directly bound up with the host surroundings. When realizing the importance of sustainable development, many large-scale festivals such as Olympic Games and Glastonbury Music Festival are striving to mitigate their physical impacts on the local community and looking forward to turning into an eco-friendly event. This report focuses on the environmental dimension of the mega event and investigates both the pros and cons of the environmental impact. Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Background of 2010 Taipei International Flora Expo 3. Environmental impacts 3.1 Positive Environmental Impacts 3.1.1 Showcasing the environment 3.1.2 Providing models for best practice 3.1.3 Increasing environmental awareness 3.1.4 Infrastructure legacy 3.1.5 Urban transportation and renewal 3.2 Negative impacts 3.2.1 Litter problems 3.2.2 Air Pollution 4. Conclusion 5. References Read more:  Environmental Festivals 1. Introduction As the event industry has been rapidly flourishing and well received over the years, staging the event is seen as one practicable means of displaying the local surroundings. However, conducting an event often has straight physical impacts (both active and passive) on the environment, such as all kinds of  contamination, destruction of flora and fauna as well as the depletion of natural resources. For this reason, I decide to select environmental impacts as the subject of this report. With the increasing consciousness of sustainable development, environmental impacts generated by major festivals in recent years draw deeper attention from all fields of society and become a hot topic around the globe. Most of festivals, especially those large-scale events, now are dedicated to protecting the host environment by effective operations wherever applicable and diminishing any possible negative impacts. The aim of this report is to examine environmental impacts through an instance of 2010 Taipei International Flora Expo as well as evaluate both positive and negative physical effects triggered by the assigned example. 2. Background of 2010 Taipei International Flora Expo  2010 Taipei International Flora Expo, a mega flora festival identified by AIPH (International Association of Horticultural Producers), was organised by Taipei government. It was the first time that Taiwan got authorised to run such an international-scale event and Taipei was also the seventh host city held in Asia. Going along with the previous excellent green practice, Taipei International Flora Expo was designed to show the creativity of horticultural decoration as well as implement the idea of sustainable environmental development and planned for advocating new green life-styles to individuals. The definition of sustainable development refers that ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). Different from other mega events, the International Flora Expo does not require the host city to spend too much money on new amenities, but encourage it to make use of existing sites. This garden festival enhanced the old facilities and applied the principles of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and 3G (Green Building, Green Energy, Green Transportation) into its whole event project and the construction of infrastructure. Figure.1. 2010 Taipei International Flora Expo (ç ¶  Ã¨â€° ²Ã¥ · ¥Ã¥ »  2010) 3. Environmental impacts Events and surroundings are closely linked with each other. From the moment  that the city has decided to bid for the event, impacts soon started to occur on the environment. Host surroundings may be extraordinarily fragile and great consideration should be taken to look after them. A large-scale event should need to be conducted by an environmental impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a crucial environmental tool which is seen as the necessary procedure of activity in order to give the environment its appropriate place in the decision-making process by improving the quality of advanced information to event organisers, so that environmentally sensitive determination can be made paying careful attention to minimizing impacts, enhancing the planning of activities and protecting the environment (outlined by Kees Bastmeijer and Timo Koivurova, 2008). Analysis of the environmental impacts of events can be divided into three groups of physical impacts on the natura l environment; impacts on the man-made environment and impacts on the ecosystem (Là ³rà ¡nt, 2009). Firstly, natural environmental impacts contain air quality, geological factors and water quality, depletion of natural resources and flora and fauna. Secondly, the impacts on the man-made environment include the infrastructure put in place at the festival, the changes in the land-use and building and visual impacts. Finally, the ecosystem refers to the ecological network or flora and fauna. As for physical and environmental impacts, they are as complex as other impacts on the surroundings. They may be domestic and international impacts, reversible and irreversible effects, positive and negative influences. In the following section the favorable (positive) and unfavorable (negative) impacts will be come up for discussion independently. 3.1 Positive environmental impacts When it comes to positive physical and environmental effects, Hall (1989) refer that a successful event has five points of favorable impacts as follows: * Showcasing the environment * Providing models for best practice, * Increasing environmental awareness, * Infrastructure legacy * Improved transport and communication * Urban transportation and renewal As an environment-based festival, 2010 Taipei Flora expo as a whole brought about lots of beneficial impacts on the host surroundings. 3.1.1 Showcasing the environment Running the event is an effective approach to showcase the distinctive features of the host environment. Hall (1989) points out that selling the image of a hallmark event includes marking the intrinsic properties of the destination. Taking the opportunity of holding Flora Exposition, Taipei government devoted to renovating the majority of aging buildings in the host area such as Taipei Fine Arts Park, Children’s Leisure Centre, Zhongshan Soccer Stadium and Lin-An-Tai Historic Houses, and converting them into the new look with green concepts. Taipei authority successfully showcased their achievements in the construction of urban afforestation, the refurbishment of local amenities as well as in the areas of sightseeing. According to the official statistics, it is estimated that 2010 Taipei International Expo in total appealed to 8,963,666 attendants during the 171-day exposition. 3.1.2 Providing models for best practice By the event Taipei delivered its outstanding accomplishments in the industry of horticulture and eco-technology and in the implementation of urban greening. Many records created by this festival made visitors from all over the world proud. Dr. Doek Faber, the president of the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH), publicly admired Taipei Flora Expo as the most interesting, innovative and creative one in the past five decades and added that this event has founded a new flora expo criterion and set an excellent practice for the coming 10 years. 2010 Taipei Flora Expo was considered as the great models of sustainable development and urban afforestation for other cities to follow. After the successful bidding, Taipei started a series of environmental protection work and made ‘urban greening’ into reality. 2010 Taipei Flora Expo also became a catalyst in boosting the environmental sustainable development of Taiwan. Other noticeable achievements which can be regarded as positive models for practice include: (Flora Expo Revisited 2010) * Each material of event was made in Taiwan * This festival attracted extra international attention to Taiwan’s garden industry * This festival offered many chances for Taiwan’s local cultural and creative industries to display their outstanding works * This festival help people realise the importance of the natural environment * This festival was the first mega event conducted by Taiwan * This festival got a good reputation at home and abroad * This festival was an eye-opener regarding urban aesthetics 3.1.3 Increasing environmental awareness 2010 Taipei Flora Expo was highlighted to the importance of environmental protection, so the festival organizers made great efforts to conserve the natural community and they also believed that they have an obligation to increase consumer awareness of environmental issues. The event organizers specially produced a series of 3D record films related to the latest environmental issues that were played in EXPO Theatre and hoped that through watching these movies participants can seriously face up to the environmental problems and can take actual action to protect our surroundings. In addition, there was a new-fashion eco-friendly architecture that was assembled from 1.5 million plastic bottles (instead of bricks) to put an emphasis on the idea of recycling and sustainable environmental development. Figure.2 Eco ark (ç ¶  Ã¨â€° ²Ã¥ · ¥Ã¥ »  , 2010) 3.1.4 Infrastructure legacy Regarding heritage preservation issues, the event managers integrated all legacies which are located in the host venues into the plan and then soon started undertaking the renovation. Taipei Story House and Lin-An-Tai Historic House are rebuilt to leisure places with the combination of cultural heritages and unique-style restaurants. This event not only well preserves local ancient legacies but also successfully broadcasts these historical sites to more visitors. Figure.3 Taipei Story House Figure.4 Lin-An-Tai Historical House 3.1.5 Urban transportation and renewal Unlike the majority of previous Flora Expo, 2010 Taipei Flora Expo was staged in the centre area. Therefore, transportation may be taken into the essential consideration. In order to provide tourists with convenient transport network, Taipei government improved the construction of public transportation, including rerouting bus system, enhancing pedestrian system as well as increasing bike lanes. During the festival, visitors can enjoy free shuttle buses around four event venues, use adjacent public fee-paying parking lot and take the MRT to other places. 3.2 Negative impacts Mega events have often attracted criticism for their perceived negative impacts on sensitive locations (Greenpeace, 2004). Adverse environmental effects such as destruction of the host surroundings, noise disturbances, pollution and disruption of legacy caused by large-scale festivals are always the critical themes remained a significant concern. These impacts may become much severe if the festival takes place in an outdoor public area like a square, street or park. Some opposite positive environmental impacts of 2010 Taipei Flora Expo will be integrated as below. 3.2.1 Litter problems A considerable amount of waste produced by festivals is always a persistent problem troubled the local authority. Taipei government had hoped to popularize the idea of environmental protection through the expo, however, it seemed to have no obvious effect. The reason why litter management of this expo failed can be attributed to its environmental policy. Taipei government specifically made strict rules to prohibit littering, but strangely, it didn’t install enough refuse and recycling bins around the host zones, so that festival goers could not find rubbish bins as easily as possible. As a result, it can be seen that garbage was still tossed by the side of host venues. Figure.5è ®Å Ã©â€º »Ã§ ® ±Ã¤ ¸Å Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥Å¾Æ'Ã¥Å" ¾ Ã¥ â€°Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦â€"‡æ˜Žçš„野è   »Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã§ ¤ º(é »Æ'Ã¥ ­ «Ã¦ ¬Å ) In terms of litter management, Glastonbury festival is a successful model of waste volume reduction for other events to learn. This festival makes  greater efforts to efficiently clean the rubbish caused by the event on the host community and thoroughly implements its strategies of reducing rubbish. Hence, remarkable reductions have been recorded in the past three years by taking stronger control of the items brought on spot by staff, sponsors and entrepreneurs – and by focusing on their obligation to remove items brought on spot. Moreover, the event managers of Glastonbury festival annually recruit recycling volunteers to collect litters and separate the recyclables (Glastonbury Festival Ltd, 2000). 3.2.2 Air Pollution In an event-related study Là ³rà ¡nt (2009) indicates that air pollution generated by the festival can cause bad impacts on the natural environment, particularly CO2 emissions from the transport exhaust. Due to 2010 Taipei Flora Expo taking place in the downtown, the provision of solid transportation network was the efficient way to manage the crowded visitors. However, CO2 emissions from vehicles, buses and other motors lowered the air quality of Taipei city. table.2 energy consumption for one passenger kilometer (Halmay et al., 2006) From the diagram, it can be obviously seen that walking and cycling consumed the lowest energy use. Although the host organisers highly promoted the advantages of cycling and walking during the event, the practical implementation was still be very challenging. 4. Conclusion After reviewing literatures and books in relation to the environmental impact, it can be proved that physical effects of festivals, no matter positive or negative ones, may have immediate influences on the environment. Before conducting large-scale events, the crucial step toward success is to assess environmental impacts through the analysis of environmental impact assessment. By doing so, the majority of event organizers can forecast and evaluates possible potential impacts of projects on the local environment and then can make the event going on smoothly. In addition, with the heated discussion about environmental sustainability, it seems a global trend that most of event holders currently have been attempting to apply the principle of sustainability into their events and taking measures to do the minimum of  environmental damage. Looking into the future, relevant research and studies of events suggest that environmental conscious events will be more prevalent in the coming two decades. As a result, more and more festivals are expected to place great emphasis on the sustainable development within projects. Mega events play a vital role in cultivating understanding of environmental issues, arousing awareness and generating resources. 2010 Taipei International Flora Expo, the first mega festival held by Taiwan, demonstrated Taiwan’s ambition to encounter the world event industry. How to effectively address negative environmental impacts of the expo and how to keep the positive consequences continuing developing are the primary task for Taipei government to review. 2010 Taipei Flora Expo can be regard as the preparation for the next mega event – 2017 Universiade. 4. Reference Andrea, C., Calvin, J., Max, M., 2008. Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options. Tourism Management, 30(6). Available from:http://ejournals.ebsco.com/Direct.asp?AccessToken=9II51IQ8XRDJE4M5DD1KRMQJ1PEQ8XQM51Show=ObjectErrorURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinksource%2Eebsco%2Ecom%2Ferror%2Easpx [Accessed 25 October 2012] Benders, R. M. J., Moll, H. C., Nijdam, D. S., 2012. From energy to environmental analysis: improving the resolution of the environmental impact of Dutch private consumption with hybrid analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology. Available from: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/Direct.asp?AccessToken=544W64JTRR9WYUS99S6SN4QVSQVYTRJFW6Show=ObjectErrorURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinksource%2Eebsco%2Ecom%2Ferror%2Easpx [Accessed 25October 2012] Brain J, M., Marlene, F., 1994. A CASE STUDY OF A TOURISM SPECIAL EVENT: AN ANALYSIS OF AN AMERICAN STATE FAIR. Festival Management Event Tourism, 2 (2), p.75-83 David, L.,2009. Events and Tourism: An Environmental Approach Impact A ssessment. Journal of Tourism Challenges Trends, Vol. 2 Issue 2, p101-113. Chris, R., Alan, S., Sharon, M and Don, G., 1998. NEW ZEALAND EVENTS: A TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS. Festival Management Event Tourism, 5 (1/2), p.71-83 Evans, W.A., 1994. Approaches to intelligent information retrieval. Information processing and management, 7 (2), 147-168. Gemma, G., Peter, R., 2009. A Critical Comparative Study of Visitor Motivations For Attending Music Festival: A Case Study of Glastonbury and V Festival. Event Management , 13

The History Of Smartphones

The History Of Smartphones Introduction Mobile phones are amazing device which brings most of the works in a single hand. In the world one quarter of the earths population using a mobile phone. Therefore another mobile phones are Smartphones which are great phones and its a phenomenal .Smartphones are rich mobile personal gateways into the digital universe and its growing and expanding all over the digital world. In the digital worlds its combines content, commerce, computing, and community. It keep the home of google.com, ebay.com, amazon.com, yahoo.com, bbcnews.com, slashdot.com, aol.com, msn.com, and much, much more can brings all the website tools in a single device. Easily we can access the universe through mobile web browser as provided on Smartphones interfaces that make the experience more intuitive, more engaging, and more valuable. And just as the digital universe is steering the evolution of Smartphones, the increasing prevalence of Smartphones will steer the next phase of the evolution of the digital universe. Smartphones are famous for their versatility in a single day a Smartphones may be a contactless wallet, a barcode reader, a satellite navigation system, an email or social network client, a Wi-Fi hotspot, and be used to make a phone call. Given the growing importance of Smartphones, we believe it is important to assess the privacy and security risks of these devices. But only a few years ago, mobile phones were expensive device. Now people can buy easily and no longer dream able device anymore .Mobile phones are the most successful device of consumer electronics in history. Smartphones are now an essential tool in all sections of European society, from top government officials to businesses and consumers. In the UK, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy alone, the number of Smartphones users are increasing day by day (around 62 million users). Lots of e-business companies their monetary value flowing through Smartphones, For example eBay expects 1.3 to 1.5 billion Euros in transactions through the i-Phone app in 2010. History of Smartphone 1984: Psion Organizer II8 bit processor9V battery, it lasted for several months!Develop own applications (OPL-language)Memory extensions, plug-in modules 1994: IBM Simon First real à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Smartphone TouchscreenPIM, Data communication 2001: Nokia 7650First 2.5G phone(GPRS, HSCSD)Light/proximitysensorSymbian OS -Open system! Nokia N95 (March 2007) QVGA display(16,7 Mio. Fabens, 6,6cm) 5 MPixelcamera(Carl Zeiss) Integrated GPS WLAN, UMTS, HSDPA USB, 3.5 mm audio connector, radio, TV-Out, Micro SD-support 120 g, 99x53x21mm In this report we give an overview of the key information and opportunities for Smartphones users. We stress that the risks should be balanced against the potential benefits of Smartphones 1. A description of the many potential benefits in terms of, for example, cost-savings, increased efficiency and a better quality of life is outside the scope of this report. To give just one example however, Smartphones are being used as smart-health sensors, allowing heart patients to stay at home safely, while having their heart issues controlled and monitored by medical staff. In this way Smartphones increase a patients quality of life and, at the same time, save healthcare costs. Dramatic Impact of Smart phones on Personal Life San Mateo, CA, April 13, 2010 Ring Central, which is a cloud computing based business phone system provider, their new survey find out that customers on the changing nature of business communications. The survey included Ring Centrals small to medium-sized business customers around the U.S. reveals that the Smartphone has going to an integral part of their daily life and a dramatic impact on personal life. Survey results provide that intimate relations and Smartphones tied as the number one thing survey respondents cannot live without. Another proof is that an increasingly mobile workforce would rather give up their morning cup of coffee than their Smartphones. The majority of people in the city they are using Smartphones as compared to home phone or office phone. On the other hand Smartphones are using more than computers for business and also encroaching on computers as well, more than 25% of surveyed showed that using the Smartphone more than the computer for business. In fact, nearly 8% dont even take their laptop when they travel for business if they carry their Smartphone. We can say that Smartphones are the new resolution in every single day in our personnel life and business. Smartphone is Primary Business Phone From survey find out that more than 45% of their phone communication via Smartphones. And nearly 80% of the surveyed showed that people are using the Smartphone as their primary business phone. Coupled of Years ago, laptops came qas a new era of working remotely. Now a days, cloud based systems and Smartphones have dramatically filled this trend and providing different kind of facility and access tools what helps to the people to do instead of physical office work they can carry all of work in a single hand. The nature of business are changing and its no longer dependent on location because of increasing demand for fingertips technology, which has increased the demand for professional business communication systems that are designed for a fully mobile workplace. Information Security Risk of Smartphone Consumer The phone is an integral part of a persons daily life e.g. private phone-calls, social networking, messaging, navigation, gaming, online banking, on-the-go entertainment, location based services, Internet browsing, micro-blogging, email, photography, video recording, e-health, etc. Employee The Smartphones is used by an employee in a business or government organization. It is used for business phone calls, Internet browsing, corporate email, expense management, customer relationship management, travel assistance, contact management and business social networking, video conferencing, scheduling tasks, and reading documents. In some cases workflow applications are run on the Smartphones, e.g. to fill in forms as part of an employee task. High Official The Smartphones is used by a high or top-level official in a business or government organisation, or by his or her close aide. The Smartphones is used as in usage scenario E but in addition it is used for dealing with sensitive information and/or tasks. Usage in this scenario is subject to security policies and the functionality of the Smartphones may be restricted or customized, for example by adding cryptographic modules for protecting call-confidentiality. Information security opportunities From an information security perspective, Smartphones have certain advantages over traditional PCs and mobile handsets. In this chapter we give an overview of the main information security opportunities for Smartphones users. Note that any concrete security benefit provided depends heavily in all cases on the extent to which the opportunities are exploited in practice. We have ordered the opportunities taking into account the rating from the experts consulted when writing this report. The experts were asked to rate on a scale ranging from no opportunity, through minor and medium opportunities, to major opportunity. Better backup and recovery Some Smartphones ship with convenient backup and recovery functions to address the risk to data availability of failure, loss, or theft. Smartphones are often well integrated with local or remote backup and recovery services. For example, some platforms automatically back up contacts, calendar or emails to a remote service. Smartphone applications, furthermore, often rely on network-based storage and backup. Overall this can make recovery of data in the event of a device failure, theft or loss quicker and more convenient and increase overall service availability. In some cases, Smartphones can even be located remotely via the network, allowing the user to recover a lost device more easily. Additionally, some Smartphones can be disabled and wiped remotely (and data may be easily recovered by the owner). This combined with above-mentioned backup and recovery services can be used to mitigate the risks associated to theft and loss. Extra authentication and non-repudiation options Smartphones are equipped with a smartcard reader, which gives additional options for authentication and non-repudiation. Smartphones can be used to improve the process of online authentication and provide a mechanism for non-repudiation. Smartphones lend themselves to such applications because: The SIM card used in Smartphones is a smartcard (50) and, with the appropriate software, licences and certificates in place can be used for PKI-based authentication and digital signatures (51). Although unavailability of smartcards and readers is not the only impediment to the uptake of PKI, this feature of Smartphones could be one factor in encouraging the use of PKI and digital signatures for the authentication of users and transactions. Smartphones may also take advantage of the shared secret between the SIM card and the HLR (Home Location Register) using the 3GPP standard Generic Bootstrapping Architecture (GBA). Smartphones may also be used to create one-time-password codes without using SMS or network connections. Extra encryption options Smartphones allow users to use end-to-end encryption for phone calls and SMS more easily. Smartphones come with more processing power and third-party encryption applications are easily available to end-users. For call confidentiality, traditional handset users rely on encryption offered by the mobile network operator. Crypto-modules for additional protection are expensive and are typically only used by top-officials. However several third-party applications are now offering encryption for Smartphones voice calls, on top of the standard encryption provided by mobile network operators. Conclusion Across the technology world, other companies decided they wanted in too. Microsoft built its Windows mobile operating system, which today powers scores of Smartphones, while notable manufacturers like nokia, Sony Ericson and Samsung built devices of their own. Two years ago, apple staked a big claim when it introduced the hugely-hyped iPhone, and Palm shook up the sector again when it introduced its Pre model this summer. Today, Smartphone come in all shapes and sizes. some offer full alphabetic keyboard while others shun physical controls in favour of a touch-screen. Indeed, the variety is huge and you can bet that Smartphone will continue to change at the speed of light.

The Effectiveness Of Election Campaigns

The Effectiveness Of Election Campaigns If there is one specific topic that has generated the most resounding growing political research in the study of voter behavoiur and election outcome, then it must be Do campaign matter? Decades of voting researches have explored this topic either as a co-relation between the effects of campaign on election outcome in new political perspectives or as a critique to the earliest voting behavoiur studies, whatever the rationale for investigation may be, it has ushered the emergence of a new political phenomenon. This essay would be explored from a typical two sided scholarly perspectives either to argue for or against the significances of election campaign in any political entity. Although this style of discussion would offer in-depth and broader academic resources for clearer understanding but may not be able to sufficiently examine the dimension and dynamics of campaigns in political phenomenon because of the limited time constraint. Also this study intends to draw a clearer picture between the importance and irrelevance of campaigns in cognizance of its relationship with some other socio cultural influences providing the liberty of the readers to take academic position on the argument SUPPORT OF CAMPAIGN Even though the literature of campaigning is unlikely minimal among the academic players, entirety of campaign have been eulogized as a key influence on election outcome and voting behavoiur amongst political actors. This view is supported by Holbrook (1996) as he argues that campaign enjoys continuous recognition from other political actors (voters, candidates and parties) but the scholarly community have shown less interest in campaign effects rather concentrated on the sociological and partisan identification, incumbency and its performances, candidate popularity as the essential factors which influence election outcome creating the emergence of the minimal effects of campaign by the earliest political scientist such as Berelson, Lazarsfeld and McPhee, 1954; Campbell et al., 1960 This position of argument influenced series of subsequent campaign researches which tend to primarily define the minimal effect of campaign as it merely activates voters prevailing partisan sentiments, thereby necessarily ignores a variety of other highly relevant campaign effects. Ironically, It is interesting to know how this minimal effects of campaign could create marginal changes in the voter participation can upturn the election outcome Considering the continuous transformation of the political institution, some political scientists ( Iyengar and Simon 2000) have argued that election outcome in any political environment are always shaped by interplay of many factors in which they may not be individually measured. Thus, they argue that assessing election outcome through the singular premise of campaign is unjustified because campaigns are part of the political processes which are traditionally focused on influencing voting decision by conveying certain impression about candidate or political parties In relation to this position, Ornstein and Mann 2000 in his descriptive analysis of the behavioral attitudes of campaigning defined it as a self centered, continual and persuasive political activity that gives the much needed relevance to the retrospective loyalties of the voter which reactivates them to make voter decision, Quite interestingly, he eulogized campaign as a key political instrument used to make a voter make a psychological purchase in correlation with his reasoning. However, such persuasion is achieved through aggressive media channels by engaging the voters feelings in a preferred direction. Because the political contests are predominantly competitive for elective position, the adversarial nature of campaign has reinforcement effect to maximize the voters loyalties in order to win the election is highly commendable. However, it is likely that campaign effects are heterogeneous across individuals and countries. These are the following reasons why campaign do matters; ENLIGHTENMENT EFFECT Recent researches have confirmed that there is a gradual decline of partisanship which given credibility to the significance of campaigns to influence the voter decision. The strength of retrospective evaluation upon the voter choice has been undermined by this decline which provides the fertile grounds for campaign messages to convert their perceived intention by enlightening their political knowledge. Shaw, 1999 and Salmore etal 1989 claim that political parties have failed in its primary duty to provide powerful information about the candidate during election causing a declining level of party identification in the electorate. In similar view ,Ornstein and Mann 2000 argues that there is a gradual decline in voter identification to the ideals of their political parties This is owing to that fact that the sudden change in party policies and in excesses of election primaries has weakened the allegiance of candidate to their political parties. These declining factors have given premises for campaign to persuade the voters intention for voting decision .However; this growing body of research has provided evidence that campaigns can influence voter preferences. This is evident in the study by Trent and Friedenberg (2000). Although voter behaviour are not only persuaded into new converts for opposing parties during campaigns, campaigning events are designed to reactivate pre-existing partisan loyalties of the voters for voter decision. To support this view, Ansolabehere 2006 further argues on the reinforcing model of the campaign effects on voter behavior as product of interplay of private and public information. This is within the premise that people use their cognitive properties (private information) with the campaign communication (public information to make voting decision showing the campaign reactivates their private supposition. VOTER MOBILIZATION AND PARTICIPATION Recent voting research has proved that campaign messages convert pre- voting intention into voting participation during election periods. Most evidently, Holbrook 1996 argues that findings have proved that there is fluctuation of opinions during campaign events which are due to its high content. This exercise tends to encourage public support which in turn influences voter behaviors. Because campaign exercise consists of several events, activities and processes, voter still respond differently to campaign events based on their individuals demographic and political ideals. The effect of these campaign events is that perceptions and opinions about the candidate and political parties are changed by the aggressive media communication which would propel voter participation. This is because researchers have shown that voting intention have been influenced by campaign communication which have strengthen voter participation in the election. Such participation would adversely enhance election outcome. (Kosmidis and Xezonakis. 2010 Personal canvassing, media communication and debates possess a more engaging interactive power to motivate voter participation in electoral processes. All retrospective alliance to his/her partisan party of the voter must be motivated by campaigning platform in order to encourage massive voting decision. However, the specific political act that can provide the engaging platform is campaigning. Certain political researches have not able to specifically measure the turn out effect of campaign on the voter behaviors but considerable evidence provided that voter participation increased during campaign activities. Evidently, in the field experiment by Gerber and Green 2000 on the effect on personal canvassing in the American 1998 Election In relation to the increased voter mobilization as a campaign effect, Bratton 2008 and Schaffer, 2007 collectively suggests that African election campaigns are mainly moments for politicians to engage in mass mobilization and the manipulation of electoral rules in order to increase voter turnout. Specifically in the case of Nigerias general elections of April 2007, Bratton (2008) claims that vote buying and political intimidation are characteristic dimensions of Nigerian election campaigns and are targeted at rural communities. Furthermore, Fournier etal 2004 argued that time-of-voting decision has been suggested as a key mediating variable for campaign effects. In other words, campaign messages tend to convert voting indecision to positive decision, or from one candidate choice to another thereby making the voter open to campaign persuasion. The media coverage and debates during the campaign influenced the voter intention drawing a co- relation between time of decision and the persuasion of campaign messages. In their researches, they confirmed that late deciders are responsive to campaign events in Canadian elections VOTER LEARNING Every voter needs information to make any type of voting decision either to reinforce his existing partisan loyalties or to make new voting decision. However, campaign is the most appropriate electoral process to provide such function. Because of the vast information- generating nature of Campaign, it provide the avenue for voter learning- the acquisition of information about the candidates and issues .During campaigns the political awareness are enlarged and fundamental voter preferences are being enlightened (Gelman and King, 1993), while the campaign learning process informs voters party positions and issue stances (Peterson, 2009). Campaign occupies the prestigious role as an educational academy for political learning through its information communication about the electoral system which enables the voter to understand the ideologies of the candidate, thereby offering them an enlightened voting decision. To support this stance, Iyengar and Simon 2000 describes campaigns as multifaceted and information-rich events which encompasses the candidates chances of winning, their personal and political ideologies giving campaign events (debates, candidate advertising) the opportunity to expose the voter knowledge to the personality of the candidate by boosting citizens political information, which may increase their likelihood of supporting the particular candidate Evidently, Hillgus and Jackman 2002 in the examination of the campaign effects in the presidential election 2000 in America party argue that conventions and presidential debates affected vote preference. They explored their research using the transition model to individual-level campaign data and concluded the effect of a campaign event based on the voters, campaigning timing, candidate Similarly, the effect of campaign for voter learning were evidently backed by Survey Researches such Brians Wattenberg 1996 and Zhao Chaffee 1996 as they found out that exposure to candidate marketing through the lens of campaign enhance voter learning which would encourage their voting participation Campaign communications increases the voters political understanding, thereby reducing uncertainty around the voting decision. Most recently, Kosmidis and Xezonakis 2009 executed an exploratory research on the undecided voters in the 2005 British general election; their finding confirmed that specific campaign messages formulated the choice preference of undecided voting behaviours. Agenda Control Traditionally, it is believed that voters choose whatever political interest based on their consideration of importance; ironically, campaign communication determines this consideration because of the cycle of appearance in media. Campaign messages surround its themes around those key interests and communicate them strategically in the media to set the agenda for relevance. Dalton etal 1995 suggests that because candidates are the principal sources of news during campaigns, they are in an advantageous position to simultaneously influence the media and public, for instance, candidates are motivated to introduce and pursue issues on which they enjoy a comparative advantage. The candidate closer to the student voter on an issue like fee reform would want to address that topic, as opposed to discussing issues which is not relevant to the student. Agenda control remains a key determinant of campaign effects because the candidate determines the principal yardsticks in which he/ she would be evaluated by the electorate as this are achieved through media communication. An extension in investigation of agenda control during campaign, Johnston et al 1992 argues that rhetoric also plays a special role by directing voters towards a specific agenda and considerations surrounding that agenda. This is achieved by the interplay of the acquisition of information and agenda control which provoke their voting decision. The evidence can be seen in their study of Canadian election 1988 which shows how free trade agreement between Canada and the United States, as a result of the candidates and parties rhetorical posturing came to the forefront of the public issue agenda To conclude the support for campaign, Kavanagh 1995 argues that the essence of campaign lies within itself, campaign is a means of choosing government and promoting political learning and citizenship, thereby contributing to the quality of representative democracy. This is because the interests of politics are heightened during campaigns through media communication about the candidate and party policies which are designed to attract the voting inclination for election participation. AGAINST CAMPAIGNS Examining the other view which argues that campaign do not matter, for the sake of clear understanding of the essay, the argument against campaign would be explored from the macro context factor of elections and their influence on voting behavoiur. As earlier stated, scholarly study on political science have argued the macro context of factors of elections both at the individual and aggregate level s strongly affect voting behavoiur and further posited that the macro context of election provides the wide platform in which any electoral campaign can function presenting a strong weakening interdependence characteristic of campaign. PARTISAN INDENTIFICATION Most predominantly stance of their argument is the influence of party identification on election outcome based on its psychological characteristics; their research argues that voting behavoiur and choices in elections are not merely a short term decision as similar the limited influencing experience campaign offers rather it is a conglomerate of certain long term political dispositions and ethnics in the social fabric of the electorate in which there is no room for campaign to change minds or influence behavoiur . An early voting research by Campell et al (1960) in their seminal book, The American Voter described the influence of party identification as a sustained psychological orientation to political parties which is a key determinant for attitude formation and political behaviour. Thus, electorates most often cast their votes based on their emotional affiliation with the electoral parties affirming their strong spirit of political devotion rather than the short persuasiveness of campaign propaganda. In the extensive study of the psychology of party identification and its influences of voting choice, a key realization is the existence of retrospective voting attitudes in the electorate. Fiorina(1981) explored the dynamics of retrospective voting and its direct impact of voting behavoiur as he argues that electorates associate their policy preferences with the policies of the party and make voting decision based on their retrospective evaluation of the performance of party in contrast to the mere make believe of campaigns. Much recent research points to the powerful electoral effects of incumbent performance evaluations which is termed the referendum model of presidential elections (Erikson 1989; Fiorina 1981) The recent studies such as Rice 1992 have evidently confirmed that election outcomes are easily explored without recognizing the mechanism of campaigning with their forecasting model. This simply means that elections outcome can be accurately predictive based on circumstantial factors before any campaign exercise. POWER OF INCUMBENCY Power of the incumbency is another factor that mitigates campaign effects. This particularly means that a party may enjoy a long term advantage in elections over its contemporaries because of its present governing authority. This long advantage may be due to the performance of the incumbency or possession of extensive resources to win the election. In this case, no matter the persuasiveness and aggressiveness of media fireworks in the campaign exercise, the ruling party would outage such approach. In all cases, every incumbency would strategically utilize all significant resources to ensure positive election outcome, they benefit from their ruling capacity in transforming media and economy to their advantage. In extreme cases, they use existing political institutions for election malpractices. A typical case is the Nigerias general elections of April 2007, Bratton (2008) which was characterized with rigging due to the power of incumbency by the ruling party (People Democratic Party) Trent and Friedenberg (2000) argue that the incumbency creates a special advantage for the candidate because of the political resources attached to the office of incumbency. Such advantage may be measured in them of the performance of the incumbency which may initiate retrospective loyalties during voting decision. In such power of incumbency, campaign may not necessarily affect the election outcome as voters would align their voting power t o the incumbency that have performed positively that an aspiring candidate of a new party STATE OF ECONOMY State of the Economy remains another significant factor subverts the effect of campaigns. Holbrook 1996 argues that the national economic context of political activities influences the voting behaviors, that is the economic performance of the incumbency largely influence voting behavoiur as voters are mostly inclined to vote for the ruling party in good economic times (High Gross Domestic Product, Infrastructural development)and more willing to change party in power in bad economic times(unemployment, inflation, high banking rate, poor exchange rate) . This position challenges the rhetoric of campaigns as it present comparison between the realistic experiences of the economy of the state and the fictitious gimmicks of campaigns. Thus, an aggressive campaign cannot influence the election outcome in occurrence of bad economic state A practical example cited by Holbrook 1996, was the American election of 1992, the winning of Clinton of the incumbent president George Bush was not due to his strong content of this campaign, it was purely because of poor economic situation of Bushs administration. No Bush campaign would have influence the voting behavior to change the experience of the realities o f the economy WEAKNESS OF CAMPAIGN ACTIVITIES Even though it is believed that the power of campaign lies in its events of activities, it have been characterized with several shortfalls ranging from its irrelevant key themes, ambiguous message and inappropriate media channel. Kavanagh 1995 also argues that the shortfalls of campaigns lies in itself as, campaign are mostly surveyed based on the content of output(advertisement, flyers) not by its output (election result).The lack of defined measurement system for campaign effect devalued its significance because election outcome is a product of several interplay of key factor and campaigns is least . Also he identified the ineffectiveness of campaign in various factors are wrong timing , conflict of electoral goals(election winning) versus other political goals(party values),Disagreement on campaign strategy and tactics ,Lack of party actors for implementation of campaign strategies, Lack of guaranteed knowledge about election winning. CONCLUSION Evaluating the two ideological perspectives on campaign, it may difficult to take a decisive position considering the continuous transformation of political environment. However, it is true that voters are open to myriad of political information designed to influence their voting decision but tend to make their voting choice based on their sociological experience, campaign seems to be one major political process that creates a platform of series of effects ranging from the reinforcement of the retrospective values, education of the voters political knowledge and influencing the voting behavoiur. The main paradox is the word matter in the question because relevance of campaign may be related to different objectives, context and ideologies. In order, campaign effects can be from different studies use different approaches to aim specific objectives. Therefore, it may be devaluing to adjudge a political act to be irrelevant if it does not achieve the entire expected objective. It is important to say that no political scholar can specifically say that a particular political activity guarantee the Election winning because Election outcome is a series of interplay of macro cultural actives, therefore campaign may matter but not necessarily to all voters

The Black Cat Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The Black Cat,† by Edgar Allan Poe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Black Cat,† a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, is about a man who is in jail confessing to murdering his wife. He starts of by stating that he was happily married to a nice beautiful woman, and the couple had many animals. Among those animals was a black cat named Pluto and this cat is the narrator’s favorite animal. The cat and the narrator established a great relationship and are almost inseparable. The narrator soon becomes an alcoholic and one day he returns from a town bar well intoxicated and tries to pet the cat. The cat tries to avoid him in fear of violence and when the man grabs the cat, it bites him in the hand. Out of fury, the narrator cuts out one of his eyes. The next day the man realizes what he did and ...

Financial Distress: Bankruptcy Essay -- Economy, CNN Money, Kmart

Halley 1 Financial Distress: Bankruptcy Financial distress which results in bankruptcy are very common for businesses in today’s economy. According to CNN Money Fortune 500, â€Å"Last year marked the highest number of billon-dollar bankruptcies ever recorded. And corporate bankruptcies have continued at an elevated clip, with about twice the number of businesses filing for bankruptcies filing for bankruptcy protection in the 12 months ending June 2010, as they did during the same span of time in 2008, 2007, or 2006.† (Roane, 2010) It is very important for every financial manager to acknowledge that bankruptcy can be a reality for any company and financial managers have to know how to prevent it. Most all companies have debts and these debts are used for financial leverage, but they have to be closely monitored by the financial manager. Many monthly debts that companies are faced with are, making monthly payments to vendors, and paying employees. It is the financial managers to manage and monitor th ese debts, so that the debts don’t become more than the equity. (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2010) Companies will be considered in financial distress when all of their liquidity has to be used to pay their outstanding debt. Companies can file bankruptcy to deal with and manage the lack of liquidity. When a company files bankruptcy the company is protected and bondholder or creditors cannot sue them for money that is owed. According to the authors of Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, â€Å"In principal a firm becomes bankrupt when the value of its assets equals the value of its debt.† (Ross... ...s trying to compete with Wal-Mart and Target on similar name brands, and prices, which became detrimental to Kmart. (CNN Money.com, 2002) According to CNNMoney.com Kmart filing included â€Å"Kmart, which has about $37 billion in annual revenue, said it had secured $2 billion in debtor financing to pay its $1.6 billion in debt and expected to emerge from bankruptcy in about a year.† (2002) Kmart wanted to emerge from restructuring with a new image that was totally different form their competitors and by filing bankruptcy and reorganizing their organizations they were able to do that. Conclusion: In order for a company to prevent any type of bankruptcy a company will need to keep its assets lower than his debt. It is important for financial managers of a company to manage a company’s debt-equity ratios while still increasing leverage within the company.

Grades Encourage Students to Learn Essay

These days there are a lot of discussions over education in many colleges and universities. One of the matters under consideration is whether grades encourage students to learn. Some people think that students are not encouraged to learn by grades. From my point of view, I believe that marks actually stimulate students to study for the three following reasons: First of all, grade obviously is a good way to estimate students. If a student gets a good mark, he could feel proud of this result. Moreover, he could be praised for his studiousness as well as intelligence by his teacher and parents and get admiration from his friends. As a result, he would try his best to get at least the same grade in the next time. On the contrary, students getting bad grades would give their whole mind on to their study so as to get higher grades and not be dropped back. In short, grades motivate students to learn much more just because they are supposed as a mirror reflecting students’ performances. Second, grade could enable students clearly understand their performance as well as help them become aware of their strengths and weaknesses. For instance, when I was in high school, I always got good marks in English tests and I realized that I had an aptitude for English. So I decided to choose English as my major at Huflit university. And now, I always get good grades, even excellent ones in English. This makes me feel satisfied with my choice. I will also choose a job as teacher of English after graduating from the university. If there had not been grades, I think I wouldn’t have known what major really suitable for me and I would not be pleased with my present major. So, grade plays an essential role in students’ study. Furthermore, students with good grades could easily reach their dreams in study and career. They have more opportunities to get noble rewards in the national as well as international examinations. Also, attending prestigious universities would become easy for them. This will help heighten their job and promotion opportunities after graduating form those universities especially in today’s ompetitive labor market. For this reason, students always try to get high grades to gain a lot of advantages in their lives. In short, grade actually encourages students to learn much more simply because students are not only evaluated by grades, but also know clearly their strong and weak points. And specially, students with good marks could have much more chances to achieve success in life. So, there is a question for all of us: â€Å"What would happen to students if there was not grade? †

Philosophy of life Essay

?I proverb this bring up in Mr. Laxman Gnawalis laptop and I copied it right away, I fatiguet know just I liked that line very much. The plagiarize was written on the w all in all of rough park the place was really novel and that picture surfaceed that it was really nice overbold with lots of trees. After searching it in the internet I found it that it was the arrogate to those who woolly their lives in the war. We were talking to the highest degree the teaching training session. We were told that we advise earn the next level in our occupational group simply we select to concentrate and do the session delivery seriously.There the quote was quite related beca example we had the independence to be a teacher trainer b arly we keep to be more obligated and develop certain habit, in that location with the exemption comes the province. Looking at the narration of granting immunity genius apprise incessantly fix war as the synonyma for the emancipation. The fi rst social function that comes in our mind when we talk some(prenominal)what license is war and quarrels. This phrase is broadly used by the stack to show gratitude towards those who deport lost their breeding in wars. There atomic number 18 so some(prenominal) articles and radiation pattern books written on them or roughly them.Shiv Khera bedevil written a book salvagedom is non Free and in that respect argon mny new(prenominal) tribe who strike talked about it and this is the phrase I see get out be talked in approach path future or as bulky as the existence of the kind-hearted beings. Freedoms atomic number 18 rights of individuals, according to Webster its a narrate in which somebody is able to yield and live as he or she chooses, without being subject to some(prenominal), or to all undue, restraints and restrictions. As our state is democratic arena and we proudly show that we are scanty, we countenance every license to do any(prenominal) we like to that in the author we fought for our impeccantdom, can we whitewash be fighting.In the beginning we fought for our emancipation, with the birtishers, we fought with them non for the liberatedom yet to keep our hoidenish free. We fought for the democracy from the genus Rana rulers and then we fought for the in gay royal rule and we achieve the granting immunity al superstar the incertitude remains that we pose been fighting deep down ourselves. Now we bear the ability to set free will and rack up choices independently of any external determining force, however are we truly free. I imply we are still fighting inwardly ourselves for the emancipation we dream of.Hi study has been our witness that whenever we fought we fought to rule and non for the development or growth and we are still doing that. number 1 we had MAHISHPAL than came GOPALA DYNESTYR and KIRAT after that some(prenominal) other than the near important SHAH now we have politicians regnant still to rule non to develop. If I talk about the freedom realting with our history than it will never finish. Historians believe were not free, but on the other hand I just say we have our rights and restrains.Because completely unrestricted freedom of action would distinguish peaceful piece existence impossible, some restraints on freedom of action are necessary and inevitable. But, we do have to recognize that basic limitation, to open our life safe. We the nation have to turn over some of our rights so that our clownish performs right and many say that the political science is in our business but if they werent all chaos would occur. But, Freedom becomes a cost, a cost of just handsome up some rights in egest to be a great nation. But, some cost could become a concern.In the declaration of independence, Thomas Jefferson have understandably stated the difficulties and chores that the States has to face on the process. The very recent and clear representative abou t freedom is not free is our own republics fight against the maost. We faced difficulties than one can imagine but ultimately we overcame with all the difficulties we faced. In the process of freedom disposal has to include all the armies of moist as considerably. There comes the pay for freedom. We had to go by traumas which many of the nation have been through but that trauma was from our own deal to their own family.India, the biggest dry land with large population, which is uphill ijn every field in this modern-day epoch, have faced problems. They were colonized by British people and treated in the near rude behave that one could ever treat to another human being in their own outlandish but they fought for their freedom and have lost so many lives but at last they are free. The allowance that they remunerative for the freedom are the lives, the great politicians and animated youths, there county were divided into parts and there is still fight among those country. Though they got the freedom they are still paying for it, that is wherefore freedom is not free.America the lower of opportunity, was not free and with the help of many freedom fighters they declare the independence. Instead of freedom they call it independent, as everyone knows in America most of the people are from diametrical countries, the native people, the red Indians have rattling lost their identity in army to be independent or free. the country have faced so many difficulties and still facing but it is the free country everyone says and believed that but they have the most criminal records and most frustration inwardly their country.The fragmented society, egotism-centered individual, loss of finale and focus point of terrorism are the salary USA is paying with. every country have their own seek and history of freedom and the kinds pf defrayal they are paying as the freedom is not free. All the great people in this world has pay one or the other way for the fr eedom they fought for. Countries have faced the war and loss of the youngsters but the individual who are the great influential for that event lost their family ,love once, and their own life as well.Hitlers life story also suggest that freedom is not free.he detest zuse and to free himself from them he pull the crime which no human can forget and he is the most cruel psyche in this world. He could not face the nonstarter and to make himself free from the thought of sellure he go on doing the things which kept him free from that thought and the honorarium for the freedom of his thought is being cruel and called murderer and be alone in all his life. However his murder is still have no actual take the stand but he was killed because he was enough cruel and threat for many people so in the quest of freedom to free the abuse and feeling of failure he paid it with his life.Mahatma Gandhi, India call him their BAPU, was hated by his son because he had no time to spend with the f amily as he was in great mission to free his country from the Birtish. He freed his fellow country but the payment was his own children, he was killed by the very young person as people saw that his generosity is causing the country into many countries. He was free from all the material things and loved by all the people but to gain this freedom to loved by everyone with his life.The four martyrs, who was killed by rana rulers for their freedom speech also shows that some(prenominal) our country have got is not free. in whatever way we are enjoying or quetch about is actually the payment that those martyrs paid. They were from well known and educated family but in the quest to free the country from the ranas they paid their life and we got freedom.Being anyone as human is not free from all the responsibilities and rules that we need to follow. As a baby you are free to cry over anything but the payment is most of the time people wear downt understand what your problem is. As a s tudent you are allowed to make noise or make wrong choice but the payment is later on you have to fail in your exam and in your life.As a social worker you have the freedom to help others and take their paroxysm as your own and the payment you have to pay is your time, for you and for your family, as an engineer, your freedom is to use any model but the payment is you have to be responsible for the lives of the people who will stay there, as author you are free to write anything but the payment is no one will write about you, as the teacher you have the freedom to conduct your classroom as you wanted but the payment is you have to be the model all the time, you cannot make any mistake if you do you have to deal with all the consequences that mogul occur or the payment is your time and effort.When you see some advertisement on television about the free scheme, we always need to buy something with it because nothing is free, not even the water, the air. Freedom is actually the par able for all the responsibilities that comes with freedom. When one becomes the minister or join the politics, like in our country everyone blames them to be the negative one, you are free to be the politician but the payment is you wont be trusted. When I first started to teach I dont have any freedom to chose what I do in the classroom, so I was just following whatever the teacher told me to do and there no one expected anything from me so I was free from the responsibility and the payment I was paying is getting the low pay.As I developed the teaching instruction skill and given the full responsibility of the class, I had the freedom to do any kind of things in the classroom and make it my own and include everything I have learnt but the payment is time and the never-ending work load and no self time. Likewise with the PGDE course we had the freedom to illustrate ourselves and the payment is all the criteria that was set for us to be what we were trained to be. FREEDOM IS not FREE, even the quote is controversial because when freedom is not free than wherefore would one use these words and if it is used why it is mostly related with the people who have done so much for the approach of the human being?

Cowgirl Chocolates Essay

1. What ar some of the diminutive strengths and weaknesses of Cowgirl Chocolates that check all over the success of this sm on the whole moving in? Can the weaknesses be overcome by the strengths of the pipeline? Some of the critical strengths of Cowgirl Chocolates that determine the success of this small care complicate ingathering differentiation, quality, flexible return policy, and personalization. Cowgirl Chocolates is truly modern creation since it meets the needs of a specific market of zesty and cocoa fans by combining both cayenne, a spice, and umber, a sweetener.The business also is cognize for using premium ing ceriseients in all of the coffees it twistings. The business non only offers a flexible return policy, which stimulates customers a lavish refund guarantee if they end up disliking the mettlesome truffles but also facilitates struggle buys for customers interested in the spicy chocolates. The keep company also commits personal notes in the w eathervane site supposes in fellowship to form customer satisfaction. Some of the critical weaknesses of Cowgirl Chocolates take having a high fruition cost, not having a tailored mission disputation for this specific business, and lacking focus.Cowgirl Chocolates has to pay a lot of m matchlessy for the incase, ingredients, and travel expenses to obtain the intense caramel dessert sauce. The business also is unfocused because of weak distribution, at that place is no intersection definition or market research, and the target market is thence dispersed due to not having a properly defined consumer base. Yes, the weaknesses can be overcome by the strengths of the business if the business spends time focusing on the weaknesses listed in order to build a to a greater extent(prenominal) successful small business. 2. Using the full product view, describe the heated up and spicy chocolate truffle offered by Cowgirl Chocolates? ground on this product view do you think this product will be readily accepted by consumers? why or why not? The hot and spicy chocolate truffle offered by Cowgirl Chocolates were offered in several flavors such as plain chocolate, mint, chromatic, fluxing lime tequila, and espresso. The plain chocolate, mint, and o concatenation truffles were captive in gold wrappers, the lime tequila truffles were wrapped in green wrappers, and the espresso truffles were wrapped in red wrappers in order for the customer to recognize that this truffle was duplicate spicy and hot.Personally, I guess the box of the truffles is not in full understand fit because red does denote something hot, while the other flavors wrappers gullt fully translate to existence hot and spicy. The truffles were also available in endow boxes, drawstring muslin bags, a payable tin, and also in a bendable bag if the customer chose to secure the truffles on the Cowgirl Chocolates website. Personally, I do not hope that consumers will readily accept this pr oduct because the general market of consumers will much than probable purchase sweet, milky chocolates over hot and spicy chocolates.The purchase of Cowgirl Chocolates fully depends on whether the consumer kindreds the taste alternatively than personable occupyaging and different experience. 3. What market do you think the hot and spicy truffles is competing inthe hot and spicy provender market, the chocolate sugarcoat market, the endowment niche market, or other? Personally, I believe the hot and spicy truffles are competing in the chocolate candy market because when one thinks of the hold Cowgirl Chocolates the word chocolate comes to mind rather than hot and spicy. The hot and spicy food market is strongly associated with spices, sauces, Mexican foods, and Spanish influenced foods.Cowgirl Chocolates then seems more correspondingly to be successful in the chocolate candy market rather than the hot and spicy food market due to the odd packaging of the truffles, the bra nd name given over to the product, and the premium ingredients and price. 4. What is your assess ment of Marilyns promotional efforts? In order for Marilyn to increase the sale of her chocolates, should she use a push or pull communication schema? Personally, I believe that Marilyn has been precise effective with her promotional efforts in order to create customer demand.Through the use of her award-winning cognizance for packaging at various cheat shows, advertising in her local newspaper, the Soviet Awards recognition of her unique and tasty products, and charge and involvement with Seattle Chocolates have thus far-off helped bring some cognizance for her product. In order for Marilyn to increase the sale of her chocolates, she should use a pull communication strategy because the more publicity she is able to construct for product and creative packaging, the greater sense she will thus be able to gain for her business.5. As you examine founder 2, you will note that Co wgirl Chocolates offers several gift packages (1/4 pound, 1/2 pound, 1 lb., gift bucket, gift basket, nothing fancy) that range in suggested retail prices from $8. 95 to $59. 95. stipulation these price and packaging alternatives what type of product (convenience, shopping, or intensity level) is Cowgirl Chocolates? Based on this categorisation would the buyer purpose more likely to be a routine, trammel or complex decision? Explain your reasoning. habituated these price and packaging alternatives I believe Cowgirl Chocolates are specialty products because they are more expensive and thus for the most get out exclusively distributed in either specialty stores or gift stores.By classifying Cowgirl Chocolates as specialty products, buyer decision would more likely be a limited decision because it requires putting though in the shopping process and therefore the decision whether to purchase or not purchase the product the product takes place in a store environment where the show ing of the products is thus very important to whether or not the customer will thus end up purchasing the product. 6. The suggested retail price and wholesale prices of Cowgirl Chocolates products are displayed in Exhibit 2 along with the product and packaging costs.Based on this information, dissertate the congeneric merits of using a cost-based, demand-based, or arguing based pricing method. The relative merits of using a cost-based, demand-based, or competition based pricing method embroil recognizing the that the retail prices are pretty some(prenominal) double the wholesale price. Thus, the combined packaging costs and the imported chocolate dispatch these high-quality products very costly even forrader markups on the products are made at both the wholesale and retail level.Similarly, when one compares the price of for example, the half pound tin, that seems very expensive when compared to a 24 pack of Lindor Chocolate Truffles which costs $12. 00 a bag. 7. get to a tab le consisting of the generic merchandising mix strategies. Based on what you have it off about Cowgirl Chocolates, what marketing mix project would you recommend to Marilyn and why? Based on what I know about Cowgirl Chocolates, I would recommend gift purchases to Marilyn because gift purchases are strongly influenced by both situational and fly-by-night conditions, which thus allow for numerous opportunities to purchase Cowgirl Chocolates.Furthermore, these chocolates are very clutch to give to a male consumer because research shows that men like hot and spicy foods more so than women. Cowgirl Chocolates would also be a good small gift to psyche hosting a party or a dinner since a lot of consumers work out around for a small gift in order to say convey you to the hostess.? 8. For a small business like Cowgirl Chocolates, what benefits and/or potential problems does a website offer? For a small business like Cowgirl Chocolates, a website offers both benefits and potential pro blems.The benefits entangle providing Marilyn the opportunity to build an online customer database and a database with customers who are thus repeat customers. other benefit accommodates the business Cowgirl Chocolates to gain online awareness by being features on the appropriate online portals like chocolate candies and unique gift products. The potential problems include the possibility of gross sales increasing online and Marilyn thus must conformation out a way to execute the increasing demand which might include having to pay additive costs in both packaging and shipping and additional labor costs in order to prepare the packages.